刊名: 课程·教材·教法
Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method
主办: 人民教育出版社 课程教材研究所
周期: 月刊
出版地:北京
语种: 中文
开本: 大16K
ISSN: 1000-0186
CN: 11-1278/G4
历史沿革:
1981年创刊期刊荣誉:
国家新闻出版总署收录 ASPT来源刊
中国期刊网来源刊
2011年度核心期刊,国家新闻出版总署收录 ASPT来源刊,中国期刊网来源刊,百种重点期刊,社科双百期刊,首届全国优秀社科期刊。
巧析文章结构 妙解阅读理解
【作者】 杨 艳
【机构】 山东省郯城县第二中学
【正文】
不同结构的文章的常常会呈现出不同的阐述方式,而文章的主题也就蕴含在阐述的内容之中。如何才能有效地明确文章的主题,需要学生结合全文的内容加以判断。如果只是从文章的某个段落中找出形式上相应的句子,便会犯概括不够的错误。其实许多的文章的主题常常隐含在文章的首段或尾段的话语之中,此时可利用其结构的特点判断主题。如:
Carl’s Lawn Care101 W. 141 st Street1- 800- 290- 5992
Tired of spending your weekend working in the yard? Fed up with grass that will not grow and weeds that will not die? This summer, sit back and relax. Let the lawn- care specialists at Carl’s Lawn Care do the work for you. You will have peace of mind and a great-looking yard.
Our Service
这是一篇介绍谋服务机构可为用户们提供各种服务的广告,并在文章中提供了某一设施的图片。而在其后设置了这样一\道题:
Carl’s Lawn Care is probably the name of ___________.
A. a piece of equipment for mowing grass B. an activity to promote certain products
C. a company selling certain equipment D. a center providing certain services
粗看该段落学生往往会误入歧途,因为从文章的标题和文中的图片提示会把焦点放在某一产品的推销上。因此,许多学生往往会不假思索地选择A,但仔细推敲却会发现A选项仅仅提及到该产品其中的一项功能,而忽略了其多种用途,犯了概括不够的错误。而纵观所提供的信息以及Our Service的概述不难看出这是某中心可为用户提供的一些服务项目,而绝非是某一产品的介绍。由此可判断该题的正确答案应选择D,因为只有D选择项才能揭示该段落的主题。因此在阅读时切忌只从提供的信息摘取只言片语,而要结合所有的信息加以分辨,才能有效地解题。
二、利用细节陈述观点
许多文章常常采用细节的形式来进一步阐述文章的主题,这些细节内容贯穿于整个文章之中,形成了独特的结构形式。因此在阅读文章时,学生应首先了解作者是利用何种结构形式来进行阐述的。要学会从不同的结构中筛选枝节内容,保留重点内容,从而有效地解题。如:The first point I would like to make is that there are many jobs teenagers can do which give them useful experience of the working world.Another argument for school children and college students having holiday or weekend jobs is that many parents need the financial assistance.
One further thing I want to say is that a lot of jobs for the young can be fun for the people who do them and also useful to the community. (2013南京二模) 这是南京市二模的阅读理解题A中的第二到第四段的首句。该文作者表达了对某报上一篇社论所提出了个人不同的看法,并阐述学生可打临工的种种理由。分别用The first point,Another argument和One further thing以及三个that引导的表语从句加以说明,采用层层推进的方式对某一事物进行论述。全文以提出问题、阐述个人观点和最终得出的结论为结构。根据此结构设置了这样一\道题:
Which of the following is true according to the letter?
A. Part-time jobs help teenagers develop social skills.
B. All young people doing part-time jobs are intelligent and honest.
C. Children in single-parent families should not do part-time jobs.
D. The writer did part-time jobs when she was at school.
从以上的几个选项可以看出,A选项与文章中作者在第二段落中的话语与文章不谋而合,而其他的选择项则不能反映出作者对此的观点或与作者的论述有出入。
三、利用对比阐述特性
在一些文章中作者还常常利用截然不同的方式来阐述不同特征的人或事物,通过对比的形式将其不同的特性和盘托出,使读者通过阅读能明辨其不同的特征。因此,在阅读时应注意作者在阐述时所使用的话语,是通过例证的方法还是针对不同的特点步步阐述,是通过定义式的形式还是从侧面加以论述,在阅读时要能够对此加以分辨。如:
The celebrated develop a technique to deal with the persons they come across. They show the world a mask, often an impressive one, but take care to conceal their real selves. They play the part that is expected from them, and with practice learn to play it well, but you are stupid if you think that this public performance of theirs corresponds with the man within.
I have been more concerned with the obscure than with the famous. They are more often themselves. They have had no need to create a figure to protect themselves from the world or to impress it. The ordinary is the writer’s rich field. Its unexpectedness, its miracle, its endless variety afford unending material. 作者通过不同的段落论述了名人与普通人的差异性。名人们常常将他们的真实内心所隐藏,留给人们的则是表面的印象,如果把他们在公共场合的表现与他们的内心认为是一致的,那就大错特误了。而作者更多关注的是无名小卒,他们常常表现的是真实的自我,无需创造出某个人物来保护自己。而正是这些普通的人才是其丰富的创造素材。根据作者在文中的阐述,在其后设计了这样的一道题
The author develops the article mainly by _____.
A. exampling B. comparison C. reasoning D. definition
通过上面两段内容的论述可以立刻作出判断,作者是采用对比的方式来进行议论的,把名人与普通人的不同特点加以对比,由此可知该题应选择B. comparison。
四、利用定义明确主旨
在一些文章中作者常常通过对某一事物下定义的形式来阐明。而多个定义常常依照一定的层次关系而排列。因此,在阅读文章时要能从上下文的衔接上进行判断,哪些话语是紧紧依附于要表达的内容,哪些话语是与表达的内容毫无关联,只有明确话语排列的顺序关系才能正确解题。阅读下面的内容也许会有所启发。
The Importance of Setting Speech Goals
A speech is a wonderful opportunity to inform, persuade or entertain. The best speeches often take on a combination of all three components. However, before you can go about the writing of a great speech, it is important to set goals. Goals keep you, your speech and your audience focused.
What a goal is
In the context of speech, a goal is the purpose of the speech, and what it hopes to accomplish….
Why a goal is important
Without a goal, a speech is without direction. The goal informs the structure and content of the speech….
根据该文章的结构在其后设计了这样的一道题:
Which of the following can be filled into the blank as the subtitle for the last paragraph?
A. How to achieve a speech goal B. How to deliver a difficult speech
C. What to consider to establish a goal D. What to consider to deliver a speech
该文采用分层论述的方法来说明确定演讲目标的重要性。在第一个次标题中作者提出“何为目标”并用定义式的形式加以阐明。目标就是演讲的目的,也是作者所希望的目标。在第二个次标题中提出“为何目标重要”,作者给出了这样的论述,没有目标,演讲也就失去方向。而目标就是演讲呈现的结构和内容。而要明确第三个次标题的主旨,必然要依据其后阐述的内容确定,因此,此时须认真阅读后面的首句,就会豁然开朗。
If you have been charged with delivering a speech, establishing a goal can seem difficult at first. 从该句定义式的内容可以看出,该段要叙述的内容并非是做演讲,而是要考虑如何确定一个目标。再从文章结尾处的话语也可以得到证实。A speech with an informative or persuasive goal usually requires a great deal of research, and sometimes takes more time to write. 由此可以确定该题正确的答案应选择C。
综上所述,有时阅读文章的难点并非是在词汇的生疏上,而在于学生不能深刻地领悟文章的结构。有时看似非常简单,但往往会误入歧途或陷阱中。因此,在解阅读理解题时必须分析不同文章的结构,明确作者是通过何种手段进行论述的,要能将文字化解成思维导图,利用图式的形式才能有效地解题。
不同的文章结构会迥然不同,一些文章常常采用比较或对照的手法来阐明事物的不同特征;而一些文章则采用因果关系的形式说明事物发生的原因及其产生的结果;还有些文章采用先总后分的方法,即通过不同的细节来论述事物的特征。而学生在解阅读理解题时常常忽略文章的结构形式,不能明确作者行文的意图,只凭借个人对文章的一管之见胡乱地猜测,其结果必然会造成误解。本文依照模拟试题中的阅读理解题为依据,对一些不同文章的结构作剖析,从中领悟如何针对不同的文章结构去有效地解题。
一、利用信息揭示主题不同结构的文章的常常会呈现出不同的阐述方式,而文章的主题也就蕴含在阐述的内容之中。如何才能有效地明确文章的主题,需要学生结合全文的内容加以判断。如果只是从文章的某个段落中找出形式上相应的句子,便会犯概括不够的错误。其实许多的文章的主题常常隐含在文章的首段或尾段的话语之中,此时可利用其结构的特点判断主题。如:
Carl’s Lawn Care101 W. 141 st Street1- 800- 290- 5992
Tired of spending your weekend working in the yard? Fed up with grass that will not grow and weeds that will not die? This summer, sit back and relax. Let the lawn- care specialists at Carl’s Lawn Care do the work for you. You will have peace of mind and a great-looking yard.
Our Service
这是一篇介绍谋服务机构可为用户们提供各种服务的广告,并在文章中提供了某一设施的图片。而在其后设置了这样一\道题:
Carl’s Lawn Care is probably the name of ___________.
A. a piece of equipment for mowing grass B. an activity to promote certain products
C. a company selling certain equipment D. a center providing certain services
粗看该段落学生往往会误入歧途,因为从文章的标题和文中的图片提示会把焦点放在某一产品的推销上。因此,许多学生往往会不假思索地选择A,但仔细推敲却会发现A选项仅仅提及到该产品其中的一项功能,而忽略了其多种用途,犯了概括不够的错误。而纵观所提供的信息以及Our Service的概述不难看出这是某中心可为用户提供的一些服务项目,而绝非是某一产品的介绍。由此可判断该题的正确答案应选择D,因为只有D选择项才能揭示该段落的主题。因此在阅读时切忌只从提供的信息摘取只言片语,而要结合所有的信息加以分辨,才能有效地解题。
二、利用细节陈述观点
许多文章常常采用细节的形式来进一步阐述文章的主题,这些细节内容贯穿于整个文章之中,形成了独特的结构形式。因此在阅读文章时,学生应首先了解作者是利用何种结构形式来进行阐述的。要学会从不同的结构中筛选枝节内容,保留重点内容,从而有效地解题。如:The first point I would like to make is that there are many jobs teenagers can do which give them useful experience of the working world.Another argument for school children and college students having holiday or weekend jobs is that many parents need the financial assistance.
One further thing I want to say is that a lot of jobs for the young can be fun for the people who do them and also useful to the community. (2013南京二模) 这是南京市二模的阅读理解题A中的第二到第四段的首句。该文作者表达了对某报上一篇社论所提出了个人不同的看法,并阐述学生可打临工的种种理由。分别用The first point,Another argument和One further thing以及三个that引导的表语从句加以说明,采用层层推进的方式对某一事物进行论述。全文以提出问题、阐述个人观点和最终得出的结论为结构。根据此结构设置了这样一\道题:
Which of the following is true according to the letter?
A. Part-time jobs help teenagers develop social skills.
B. All young people doing part-time jobs are intelligent and honest.
C. Children in single-parent families should not do part-time jobs.
D. The writer did part-time jobs when she was at school.
从以上的几个选项可以看出,A选项与文章中作者在第二段落中的话语与文章不谋而合,而其他的选择项则不能反映出作者对此的观点或与作者的论述有出入。
三、利用对比阐述特性
在一些文章中作者还常常利用截然不同的方式来阐述不同特征的人或事物,通过对比的形式将其不同的特性和盘托出,使读者通过阅读能明辨其不同的特征。因此,在阅读时应注意作者在阐述时所使用的话语,是通过例证的方法还是针对不同的特点步步阐述,是通过定义式的形式还是从侧面加以论述,在阅读时要能够对此加以分辨。如:
The celebrated develop a technique to deal with the persons they come across. They show the world a mask, often an impressive one, but take care to conceal their real selves. They play the part that is expected from them, and with practice learn to play it well, but you are stupid if you think that this public performance of theirs corresponds with the man within.
I have been more concerned with the obscure than with the famous. They are more often themselves. They have had no need to create a figure to protect themselves from the world or to impress it. The ordinary is the writer’s rich field. Its unexpectedness, its miracle, its endless variety afford unending material. 作者通过不同的段落论述了名人与普通人的差异性。名人们常常将他们的真实内心所隐藏,留给人们的则是表面的印象,如果把他们在公共场合的表现与他们的内心认为是一致的,那就大错特误了。而作者更多关注的是无名小卒,他们常常表现的是真实的自我,无需创造出某个人物来保护自己。而正是这些普通的人才是其丰富的创造素材。根据作者在文中的阐述,在其后设计了这样的一道题
The author develops the article mainly by _____.
A. exampling B. comparison C. reasoning D. definition
通过上面两段内容的论述可以立刻作出判断,作者是采用对比的方式来进行议论的,把名人与普通人的不同特点加以对比,由此可知该题应选择B. comparison。
四、利用定义明确主旨
在一些文章中作者常常通过对某一事物下定义的形式来阐明。而多个定义常常依照一定的层次关系而排列。因此,在阅读文章时要能从上下文的衔接上进行判断,哪些话语是紧紧依附于要表达的内容,哪些话语是与表达的内容毫无关联,只有明确话语排列的顺序关系才能正确解题。阅读下面的内容也许会有所启发。
The Importance of Setting Speech Goals
A speech is a wonderful opportunity to inform, persuade or entertain. The best speeches often take on a combination of all three components. However, before you can go about the writing of a great speech, it is important to set goals. Goals keep you, your speech and your audience focused.
What a goal is
In the context of speech, a goal is the purpose of the speech, and what it hopes to accomplish….
Why a goal is important
Without a goal, a speech is without direction. The goal informs the structure and content of the speech….
根据该文章的结构在其后设计了这样的一道题:
Which of the following can be filled into the blank as the subtitle for the last paragraph?
A. How to achieve a speech goal B. How to deliver a difficult speech
C. What to consider to establish a goal D. What to consider to deliver a speech
该文采用分层论述的方法来说明确定演讲目标的重要性。在第一个次标题中作者提出“何为目标”并用定义式的形式加以阐明。目标就是演讲的目的,也是作者所希望的目标。在第二个次标题中提出“为何目标重要”,作者给出了这样的论述,没有目标,演讲也就失去方向。而目标就是演讲呈现的结构和内容。而要明确第三个次标题的主旨,必然要依据其后阐述的内容确定,因此,此时须认真阅读后面的首句,就会豁然开朗。
If you have been charged with delivering a speech, establishing a goal can seem difficult at first. 从该句定义式的内容可以看出,该段要叙述的内容并非是做演讲,而是要考虑如何确定一个目标。再从文章结尾处的话语也可以得到证实。A speech with an informative or persuasive goal usually requires a great deal of research, and sometimes takes more time to write. 由此可以确定该题正确的答案应选择C。
综上所述,有时阅读文章的难点并非是在词汇的生疏上,而在于学生不能深刻地领悟文章的结构。有时看似非常简单,但往往会误入歧途或陷阱中。因此,在解阅读理解题时必须分析不同文章的结构,明确作者是通过何种手段进行论述的,要能将文字化解成思维导图,利用图式的形式才能有效地解题。